| ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠲᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠶᠢᠺᠨᠢᠷ ︽ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠣᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠠᠬᠢᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ | ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠮᠥᠨ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠷᠴᠡᠭ | ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯᠴᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ | ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ | ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠷᠣᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠬᠢᠴᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ | ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠶ ᠨᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠴᠤ | ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠶᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠲᠡ | ᠦᠷᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠣᠯᠵᠠᠶ᠃ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡ᠂ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠯᠲᠠ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠬᠢᠴᠠ | ᠶᠢ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠬᠢᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠳᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠵᠢᠭᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ᠂ ᠰᠢᠮᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠬᠤᠷᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ | ᠬᠤᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠰᠦᠷᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠮᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠬᠦ | ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠪᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 500 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠢᠳ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ(天花)᠂ ᠰᠠᠬᠤᠤ(白喉)᠂ ᠲᠠᠭᠰᠢᠭᠤᠷ(流感)᠂ ᠰᠡᠷᠬᠡᠨᠦᠳ(水痘 | )᠂ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠴᠢᠷᠬᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ(流行性腮腺炎) ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠳᠲᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ | ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠶ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ | ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ | 1᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠷᠧᠭ᠂ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠶᠢᠲᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 431ᠣᠨ — ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ 404 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠸᠷᠤᠫᠤᠨᠢᠽᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠠ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ | ᠲᠡᠭᠠᠷᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨᠲᠡ ᠤᠴᠠᠷᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠨ | ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠪᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ | ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠢᠶᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠧᠷᠢᠺᠯᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠵᠣᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠯᠳᠦᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠶ ᠠᠵᠢ᠃ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠨ ᠤ | ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠯᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠷᠧᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ | ᠤ ᠰᠢᠵᠢᠷ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠭᠢᠯᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ 165 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ | ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠢ 15 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ 2000 ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠥᠭᠦᠵᠦ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠷᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ | ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠᠬᠢ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠯᠦ᠋ᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠮᠠᠷᠺᠤ ᠤᠯᠢᠯᠢᠦ᠋ | ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠠᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠲᠤ ︽ | ᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ︾ ᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠳᠬᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ | ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠠᠰᠢ ᠯᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ | ᠨᠡᠷᠪᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠬᠦᠪᠡ᠃ | 2᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠯᠲᠠ᠃ ᠣᠨ | ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ 6 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠨᠣᠴᠢᠲᠠᠶ ᠦᠶ ᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠮᠡ | ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠬᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠶᠢᠲᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠶ᠃ | 800 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠡᠪᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨᠲᠠ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠢ | ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠳᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ | ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠥᠨᠥᠭᠡᠵᠡᠶ᠃ 1347 — 1352 ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠥᠪ | ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠲᠤ ᠠᠹᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠪᠠ | ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠳ ᠨᠢ | ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠴᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ︽ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠦᠬᠦᠯ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ︾ (黑死病) | ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠶ ᠭᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠶ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠠ | ᠪᠤᠰᠬᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠮᠠᠬᠠᠪᠣᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠴᠡ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠨᠣᠴᠢᠲᠠᠶ ᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ︽ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠦᠬᠦᠯ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ︾ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠸᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠫᠡᠴᠤᠳ | ᠲᠤ ᠮᠦᠬᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠣᠳᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠳ᠋ᠨ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠬᠤ | ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠦᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠢᠭᠤᠷᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ(鞭刑运动) ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠲᠦᠭ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ | ᠡᠸᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠫᠡᠴᠤᠳ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠢᠭᠤᠷᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠣᠷᠯᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ | ᠨᠢᠴᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠶ ᠡᠮᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠢᠭᠤᠷᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ | ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠢᠳᠭᠦᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠦᠯᠪᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠨᠤᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ | ᠤᠪᠠᠳᠢᠰ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠮᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩ᠂ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ | ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠰᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠤ | ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠦᠬᠦᠯ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ | ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠄ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠵᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯᠳᠠᠢ | ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠰᠢᠩ ᠢ ᠣᠳᠣᠬᠤ᠂ ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ ᠨᠡᠪᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠤᠨᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ | ᠂ ᠬᠡᠬᠦᠷ ᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ | ᠰᠣᠷᠪᠣᠯᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠩᠬᠠᠳᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | 3᠂ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠶᠧᠵᠢᠫᠲ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ᠂ | ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠴᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ | ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ | 1157 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠧᠵᠢᠫᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠹᠠᠷᠠᠤ᠋ ︵ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠧᠵᠢᠫᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠤᠯᠠ︶ ᠯᠠᠤᠰ — | ᠠᠮᠧᠰᠢᠰ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠦᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠳᠬᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠠ ᠮᠥᠷ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ 1500 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠣᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢ ᠡᠪᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ | ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠲᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ | ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠶ ᠳᠤ 8 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠤᠭ᠍ᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ | 1518 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠠᠽᠲ᠋ᠧᠺᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠧᠨᠤᠺᠲ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ | (ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠧᠺᠰᠢᠺᠤ ᠬᠤᠲᠠ ) ᠢ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠲᠧᠨᠤᠺᠲ᠋ᠢᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠲᠤ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠠᠽᠲ᠋ᠧᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠥᠭᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠽᠲ᠋ᠧᠺᠴᠤᠳ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠶᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠽᠲ᠋ᠧᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠬᠤᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠣᠳᠠ ᠨᠢᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠠᠽᠲ᠋ᠧᠺ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠮᠧᠺᠰᠢᠺᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ | ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶ᠃ | ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ 165 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ | ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠤ 2000 ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ | ᠥᠭᠦᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠷᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ | ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠᠬᠢ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠯᠦ᠋ᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ 17 | ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠺᠤᠯᠠᠰ ᠫᠦ᠋ᠸ᠋ᠰᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ︽ᠠᠱᠳᠦ᠋ᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ | ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ︾ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠶ ᠦᠭᠡᠶ | ᠢᠯᠵᠠᠷᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠦᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠦᠭᠦᠷᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ | ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠰᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ※ ︵ | ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ︶ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠢ ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ | ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠴᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠬᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ | ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠢᠩᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠣᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ | ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠯᠬᠦ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠬᠢᠭᠤᠯᠰᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ | ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠃ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠢᠨᠳᠢᠶᠠᠨᠴᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠭᠠᠵᠦ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠤᠷ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ | ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢᠯᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠨᠳᠢᠶᠠᠨᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠬᠦ | ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠮᠣᠬᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠡᠸᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠫᠡᠴᠤᠳ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠧᠺᠰᠢᠺᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠡᠩ | ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1520 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠮᠠᠯᠠ(危地马 | 拉) ᠳᠤ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ 1525 — 1526 ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠢᠨᠺᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ | ᠣᠷᠣᠪᠠ᠃ ᠢᠨᠺᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠥᠭᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ | ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠥᠭᠦᠵᠡᠶ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ | ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠺᠦᠰᠺᠦ ︵ᠣᠳᠣ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠧᠷᠦ᠋ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠢ︶ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮᠡᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ᠂ ᠢᠨᠺᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ | ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠮᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠢᠳᠦᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠨᠺᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠭᠠᠴᠢᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠵᠠᠶ᠃ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭ ᠢ | ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠦᠬᠦᠯ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠨᠣᠴᠢᠲᠠᠶ | ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠤᠨ 2500 ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠠᠬᠢᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | 4᠂ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ(霍乱) ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠯᠵᠢᠶᠠ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠦᠭᠰᠢᠭᠦᠷᠢ | ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠳᠣᠭᠤᠳᠣ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠰᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠬᠦᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠷᠮᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ 50%— | 70% ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠠᠢ᠃ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ | ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠦᠯᠣᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ | ᠣᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ | ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ | ᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠦᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠮᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠪᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ | ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠶ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠣᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠨᠣᠴᠢᠲᠠᠶ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠥᠨᠥᠭᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠶ | ᠭᠠᠶ ᠭᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠢ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠮᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠶ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠢ | ᠬᠤᠷᠺᠠᠲ᠋ᠠ ︵ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ︶ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠵᠤ᠂ | ᠨᠧᠫᠡᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠹᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠨᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ᠂ 1820 — | 1822 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠩᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠷᠢᠯᠠᠨᠺᠠ᠂ | ᠢᠨᠳᠣᠨᠧᠰᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠡ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠵᠠᠶ᠃ | 5᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ | ᠃ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠢᠷᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ | ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ(抗生素) ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠬᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠬᠤᠣᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠷ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠢ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭ᠋ᠤ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠪᠡ᠃ ᠭᠡᠲᠡᠯᠡ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠣᠷ ᠬᠥᠨᠥᠭᠡᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠯᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠢ | ᠰᠣᠴᠢᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠨᠳᠣᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠮ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ | ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢᠲᠡᠶ ᠰᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(结核杆菌) ᠪᠤᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠦ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠺᠦᠷᠦ᠋ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ(库鲁 | 病)᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ(军团病)᠂ ᠠᠶᠢᠽ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ(艾滋病)᠂ | ᠯᠠᠱᠠᠿᠧ(拉沙热)᠂ ᠤᠪᠦᠸᠧᠯᠠ(埃博拉)᠂ ᠦᠬᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠭᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ(疯牛 | 病︶᠂ ᠰᠠᠷᠰ(非典型肺炎) ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ | ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠲᠢᠳᠢᠮᠯᠢᠭ | ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠭᠡᠨᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤᠶ᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ | ᠣᠮᠳᠣᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠣᠷ ᠬᠦᠨᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ | 1᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯ᠃ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ | ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠷᠢᠳᠢ ᠰᠢᠳᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ | ᠭᠷᠧᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠᠬᠢ | ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠤᠯᠳᠤᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠶ ᠭᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭ ᠠᠪᠴᠢᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦᠷᠬᠦᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ | ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠᠰᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦ | ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠯᠳᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ | ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠵᠤ ᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | 1546 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ | ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠪᠠ᠄ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ | ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠤᠰ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠦ᠃ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠤ | ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠮᠰᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠰᠺᠣᠫ ︵ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ | ᠰᠢᠯ︶ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦᠷᠬᠦᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | 2᠂ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ᠃ 17 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠰᠺᠣᠫ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠯᠳᠡ | ᠪᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ᠂ ᠱᠤᠷᠠᠭ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠳᠦ᠂ ᠰᠡᠯᠪᠢᠭᠦᠷᠳᠦ ᠬᠤᠷᠣᠬᠠᠶ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ | ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠦ᠂ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ | ᠫᠠᠰᠲᠸᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠡᠩ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠫᠠᠰᠲᠸᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶ | ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠨᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠤᠲᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ | ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ | ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ ᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠺᠤᠾ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ | 1877 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠺᠤᠾ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠰᠺᠣᠫ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ | ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠴᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ | ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠠ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠬᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ | ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ | ᠰᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠫᠠᠰᠲᠸᠦ᠋ᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠺᠤᠾ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ | ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠄ 1878 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ(回归热) | ᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ︔1879 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(淋病) | ᠂ ᠤᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ 1880 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ | ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ᠂ ᠱᠦᠯᠬᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠷᠣᠬᠠᠶ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠬᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠪ᠊ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(链球菌)᠂ | ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(葡萄球菌)᠂ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠣᠰ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠭᠡᠨ | ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(肺炎双球菌) ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ︔1882 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ | ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ᠂ ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠮᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(炭疽杆菌) ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ︔ | 1883 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠬᠤᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(白喉杆菌)᠂ ᠬᠤᠯᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠮᠤᠯᠵᠢᠨ | ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(霍乱弧菌) ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠶ︔ 1884 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠷᠠᠩ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ | ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(破伤风杆菌) ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ︔ 1887 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢᠨ | ᠪᠦᠷᠬᠦᠪᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠣᠰ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(脑膜炎双球菌) ᠶᠢ | ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ︔ 1894 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(鼠疫杆菌) | ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ︔1897 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠣᠯᠬᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ(痢疾杆菌) | ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ | 3᠂ ᠸᠢᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ᠃ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠳ(麻疹)᠂ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠷᠣ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ(脊髓 | 灰质炎)᠂ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠭᠰᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ | ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ | ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠰᠺᠣᠫ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠶ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ︽ ᠸᠢᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ ︽ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ︾ ᠢ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1928 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ(黄热病) ᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠮᠵᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠦ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ | ᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠸᠢᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ | ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠶ᠃ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠸᠢᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠸᠢᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠪᠰᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠶ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ | ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠷᠲᠡᠶ᠃ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠴᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠯᠧᠺᠲᠷᠣᠨ | ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠰᠺᠣᠫ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠸᠢᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠪᠡ᠃ 1939 ᠣᠨ | ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠳ ᠡᠯᠧᠺᠲᠷᠣᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠰᠺᠣᠫ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠪᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠸᠢᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ | ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡᠳ ︽ᠸᠢᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠨᠢ ︽ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ | ᠬᠤᠣᠷᠲᠤ ᠡᠳ᠋︾ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ᠂ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠳᠥᠭᠦᠮᠬᠡᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ︽ | ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠ︾ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠯᠡ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ | ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ | ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ ᠤᠨ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠠᠬᠤᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ | ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ᠂ | ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠵᠤ ᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ | ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠳᠠᠢ᠂ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠨᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ | ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ | ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠰᠤᠷᠲᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠴᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠠᠳᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ᠂ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ | ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠬᠦ | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ | ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠂ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ | ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠮᠢᠷᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ | ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ | ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠳᠠᠭ | ᠲᠥᠪ ᠰᠤᠷᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠵᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠷᠮᠠᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠ | 1᠂ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠃ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠥᠬᠡᠶ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠦᠶᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠢ | ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠥᠬᠡᠶ ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠲᠤᠪᠠᠯ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠪᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨᠡ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠰᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ 14 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠤᠲᠠ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠮ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ | ᠬᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ 1348 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠸᠧᠨᠧᠼᠢᠶᠠ ᠬᠤᠲᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠶ | ᠰᠡᠵᠢᠭᠲᠡᠶ ᠣᠩᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠶᠠᠨᠴᠢᠳ ᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1377 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ | ᠯᠠᠬᠦᠰᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠨᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠ | ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ 30 ᠬᠤᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠢ 40 ᠬᠤᠨᠤᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠲᠠᠯᠠ | ᠤᠷᠲᠤᠳᠬᠠᠵᠠᠶ᠃ 17 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ | ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠳᠲᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠵᠢᠶᠠ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠶ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠂ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ | ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠪᠠ᠃ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ | ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠠᠵᠦ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠬᠤ | ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠰᠡᠵᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯᠳᠠᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠡᠷᠥᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ | ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠥᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ | ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠬᠤᠨᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣ ᠲᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ | ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠦᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | 2᠂ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯᠲᠡ᠃ 16 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠦᠳᠡᠰᠦᠨ ᠡᠮ | ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠮ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠴᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ | ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ | ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠡᠸ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠱ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ ᠴᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠢᠩᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠪᠡ᠃ | 1904 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠸ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠱ ᠠᠷᠰᠧᠨ᠋ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ(砷化合物) ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠶᠢ | ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠯᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ | ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ 1909 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠸ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠱ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠸᠠᠲ᠋ᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠠᠴᠢᠷᠣᠣ᠋ ︽606︾ ᠨᠣᠮᠧᠷᠳᠦ ᠡᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠪᠦᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠤᠷᠠᠭ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠳᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠵᠦ | ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠯᠬᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠮᠵᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠮ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠨ ᠡᠸ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠱ 1910 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ | ᠬᠢᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | 1927 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠮᠠᠺ 1000 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠣᠰ ᠠᠽᠣᠲ | ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠦᠷᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠭᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ | ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ︽ᠫᠷᠣᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠰᠢᠯ︾(百浪多息) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮ ᠢ | ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠤᠮᠠᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠬᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ | ᠦᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠬᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠲᠦᠭᠰᠢᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠡᠮ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠫᠷᠣᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠰᠢᠯ | ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠭᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤ ᠦᠵᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ(败血症) ᠢ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠮ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ | ᠦᠬᠦᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠷᠮᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠳᠲᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ 15% ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠣᠭᠤᠭᠰᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠦᠭ | ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠪᠤᠷᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠳᠡᠮᠡᠢ ᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ | ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠠᠮᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳ | ᠫᠷᠣᠨ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠰᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃ | 3᠂ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ᠃ 1929 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ | ᠹᠷᠠᠮᠢᠩ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠴᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠵᠦᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠯᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ | ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠦ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠦᠬᠡ ᠬᠦᠭᠡᠴᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ | ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ 10 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 1940 ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ | ᠤᠺᠰᠹᠤᠷᠳ᠋ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠹᠯᠤᠷᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠢ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠧᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠫᠧᠨᠢᠼᠢᠯᠢᠨ(青霉素) ᠢ | ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠠᠢ᠃ 1942 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠫᠧᠨᠢᠼᠢᠯᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ | ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷ ᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠫᠧᠨᠢᠼᠢᠯᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ | ᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠣᠩᠰᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ | ᠲᠤᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠮᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠬᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠪᠤᠷᠠᠵᠠᠶ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠫᠧᠨᠢᠼᠢᠯᠢᠨ ᠢ | ᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠦᠭᠡ᠂ ᠷᠠᠳᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠠ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠳᠠᠬᠢ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠫᠧᠨᠢᠼᠢᠯᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ1944 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠡᠮᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠯᠬᠢᠶᠡᠮᠢᠰᠦ(链霉素) ᠰᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ | ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠮᠵᠢᠳᠠᠢ ᠡᠮ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠭᠡᠯᠬᠢᠶᠡᠮᠢᠰᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠰᠠᠪᠬᠠᠨᠴᠢᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ | ᠥᠬᠡᠶ ᠨᠠᠩ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠦ᠂ | ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠥᠷᠨᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠣᠶ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠴᠤᠷᠠᠭ | ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋(放线菌素)᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠠᠮᠢᠼᠢᠨ(土霉素)᠂ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠧᠶ ᠰᠦ᠋(金霉 | 素) ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠦᠼᠢᠮᠢᠨ(新霉素) ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠣᠳᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠶ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠨ | ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠮᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ | ᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠮ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦᠶᠡ | ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠳᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠠᠬᠤ | ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠲᠠᠪᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠣᠨᠣᠪᠴᠢᠲᠠᠶ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠳᠤᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ | ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠶ᠃ | 4᠂ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ(疫苗) ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ᠃ ᠲᠣᠮᠳᠠᠳᠣᠴᠣᠳ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ 16 | ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ᠂ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠨᠠᠩ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠳᠣ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ | ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠ ᠬᠠᠪᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ | ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ | ᠠᠷᠠᠪ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠦ᠂ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠺ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ 1717 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠺ ᠲᠤ | ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠠ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠴᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ | ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠡᠷ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ | ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠲᠯᠠᠨᠲ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠦ᠂ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠶ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ 18 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ | ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠷᠥᠨᠡᠳᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | | ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠨᠨᠧᠷ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ | ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠵᠠᠨᠨᠧᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠩᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯ | ᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ︔ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠨᠢᠶᠡ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠰᠡᠭᠦᠶᠢᠴᠦᠳ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠦᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠰᠣᠨᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠳ | ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ 1796 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ | ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ | ᠥᠷᠲᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1959 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ | ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠯᠡ | ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠷᠮᠠᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ1979 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ | ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ | ᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠩᠬᠠᠭᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠲᠠᠯᠠᠬᠢ ᠴᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ | ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠷᠮᠠᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ᠂ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠨᠤᠭ | ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠢᠶᠠᠳᠤ — ᠰᠠᠬᠤᠤ — ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠷᠠᠩ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ᠂ ᠲᠦᠭᠦᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠴᠢᠷᠬᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ | ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ᠂ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠷᠣ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ᠂ ᠡᠯᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ A ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ᠂ ᠡᠯᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ B ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ᠂ ᠡᠯᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ C ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠬᠢᠨ | ᠪᠦᠷᠬᠦᠪᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠭᠰᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠠᠺᠼᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠵᠦ | ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ | ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠳᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | 5᠂ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠦᠮᠪᠦᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠷᠮᠠᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠ᠃ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ | ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ᠂ 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ 20 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ | ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶᠢᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ | ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠳᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠥᠷᠨᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠶ᠄ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ | ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠱᠦᠯᠬᠦᠭᠡ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ᠂ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠳ᠂ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠨᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠢᠶᠠᠳᠤ᠂ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠷᠣ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ | ᠂ ᠤᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠮᠠᠶᠢᠳᠢᠨᠠᠯᠤᠩ ᠤᠲᠠᠰᠤᠯᠢᠭ ᠬᠤᠷᠣᠬᠠᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ | 1958 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ 11 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 20 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤ | ᠴᠢᠷᠮᠠᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ 1979 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ | ᠲᠤᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠳ᠂ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠨᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠢᠶᠠᠳᠤ᠂ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠷᠣ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠪᠢᠰᠦᠯ ᠢ | ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠣᠯᠵᠠᠶ᠃ | ᠬᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠯᠤᠲᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ | ᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠃ | ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠢᠺᠷᠣᠪ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ | ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠤᠭᠠᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠥᠭᠦᠮ | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠤᠷᠳᠣ ᠶᠢ | ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠦᠶᠯ ᠤᠨ ︽ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ︾ | ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶᠢᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠥᠷᠢᠰᠥᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠯᠵᠢᠶᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠳᠤ | ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠨᠠᠵᠠᠭᠠᠶ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦᠶᠡ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ | ᠪᠥᠮᠪᠥᠷᠴᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠭᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ | ᠠᠯᠤᠰᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠠᠨᠢ ᠭᠤᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠲᠤᠰᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ | ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠮᠲᠣᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠭᠡᠭ | ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠠᠳᠬᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ | ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠭᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ | ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠶᠢᠴᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠬᠢᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠵᠦᠶᠯ | ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦᠶᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠰᠢᠷᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ | ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ᠂ ︽ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ︾ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ | ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ | ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠴᠢᠭᠢᠷᠠᠭ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠮᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠮᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ | ᠨᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ᠃ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠶ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠰ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠶᠢᠪᠡᠷ ᠭᠡᠨᠡᠳᠲᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠰᠣᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠦ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦ | ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠭᠦᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠶ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠲᠠᠶ᠂ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ | ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠳᠠᠢ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ | ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠯᠪᠡᠭ | ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠲᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ | ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠭᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠯᠠᠪᠲᠠᠶ ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ | ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ | ᠪᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠶ᠃ |