| | | Radiation Effect | | | | | | | | | | | | | | System | | | | | 1. | | | | | | | | | | 2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 65% | 70% 4 91% 20% | 76% 80% 86% 99% | | | | | | | | | | 3. | 5 | | | | | | | | | | 45% | | | | | | | | Tissiu | | Organ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lens | Opacities Cataract | 16 ~20g | 2.5 | | | μm | | 1016 1012 1014 | | 10μm 3μm | ~4μm 7μm ~8μm 20μm 100μm ~150μm | 1 m | | DNA | | | | | 400 3500 1014 | | | 1~2 | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | | DNA | RNA | | | 2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. | | Milieu Intérieur | | | | | 5. | | | | | DNA | | Chromosome | | | 8 | DNA 13/4 | | 6 | | | | | DNA | 46 | | 23 1 ~22 | | x y x y | x x x | y x y | | | | | | Gene 2000 | | DNA 1000 | 50000 | DNA | | 1. DNA | Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DNA | DNA RNA | DNA | DNA | | 1 | DNA | | -H | | 2 Purine Pyrimidine | | Adenine A | Guanine G Cytocine C | Thymine T | | | DNA 4 | A | T A=T T=A | G C G≡C | C≡G | DNA 40000 | DNA 440000 | | DNA RNA | | 2. RNA Ribonucleic Acid | RNA | AMP GMP | CMP UMP | RNA | RNA RNA RNA | 1 mRNA RNA Messenger-RNA | RNA 5%~10% mRNA DNA | | | 2 t-RNA RNA Transfer- RNA | RNA 5%~10% t-RNA | mRNA | t-RNA | | CCA | | | 3 r-RNA RNA Ribosomal-RNA | | | | DNA 108 1010 10-9 | DNA | | | | | | | DNA | | DNA | | DNA DNA DNA RNA | | | DNA | DNA | 10-6 | 10-9 | | | Radiation | Effect | Biological Effect of | Ionizing Radiation | Radiation Injuries Radiation Injury Radiation Damage Injury | | | | | | | | | | | χ | | | | 1. | | | 1 | DNA | Direct Effect | 10-16 | | | | | | | | | DNA | | 1. | eV DNA | | DNA | | | 2. | DNA | | DNA | DNA | DNA | | 1/15~1/20 | DNA | | 2 | | | Indirect Effect | | | | | 1 | 10-16 H2O | H2O+ e- | | | 2 | 10-12 | H2O+ H+ OH OH | OH H2O2 H2O | H2O- H2O- H OH- | H+ OH- H OH | H OH Free Radicals | 10-6 | | | 3 | | DNA | | | | | | 4 | | | | | 2. | DNA | | | DNA | | Gene Mutation | | RNA | DNA | DNA | | | | 3. | DNA | DNA | | DNA | | | | | | | | | 4. | | | | | 1 | | | | | | 2 | | DNA | | DNA | | | | | | | | DNA | | DNA | | DNA | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | DNA | | | | | | | | | | 5. | | Progenitor Cell | DNA | | | | | | | | 1 | χ χ Grubbé | 1896 χ | Stewens χ | 1897 2 Gilchrist χ | 23 1900 Walkoff | 11 Giesel | 2 1901 | | 6 11 | 10 | 1902 Frieben χ | χ 25 | | 2 | 1935~1954 χ | 1944~1951 224 | 1928~1954 | Thorotrast | χ | Ledoux—Lebard | 1922 100 | | 1 1904 104 Feygin | 1906 Bergoniè Tribondeau | 1911 Krause 54 | 1911 | Hesse χ 94 | 50 | 2 20 20 | | | Martland 1925 | | 50 | 3 1500 | K.E.Morgan | 1925 Martland Schneberg | 1875~1917 622 322 | 87% 1921~1926 | 50% Joachimstal | 1929~1930 | 226 226Ra | 222 222Rn 218 218Po | | 4 χ | | χ | χ 2 | 9 | | 3. | 1896 Edison Morton | 1896 4 Danil χ | | 20 40 | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | 1 | | | | | somatic effects | | Hereditary | Effects or genetic effects | 2 | | | | 60 Acute Radiation | Effect Early Effect | | Chronic | Radiation Effect Late Effect | 3 | | | | Total Body Effect | | Local Effect | 3 | | | | | | stochastic effects | | | deterministic effects | 4 | | | | Sparing Effect | | | | | | 2. | | | 1 | | | | α LET | χ γ LET | | | | | | γ | 250 | | 250~1000 | | | 1000~2000 1.25 20%~25% | | | 2000~4000 24 | | | | 4000~6000 | | | | 50% | ≥6000 1~2 | | | 100% | | 0.1 0.1Gy•h-1 | 1 1Gy•min-1 0.1Gy• h-1 | 1Gy•min-1 0.1Gy•h-1 | LET LET | | 1986 | | LET <0.2Gy LET <0.05Gy | LET 0.2~2.0Gy LET 0.05~0.5Gy | LET >2.0Gy LET >0.5Gy | LET <0.05mGy/min LET <0.05mGy/min | LET 0.05mGy/min~0.05Gy/min LET 0. | 05mGy/min~0.05Gy/min | LET >0.05Gy/min LET >0.05Gy/min | | χ γ | α β | | | 1/3 | | 2 | | | | radiosensitivity | | | | | | 20 50 | 2 38 > > | > > > | | | | | | > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > > | > > > > | | > | | > | | | > > > > | > > | > > > | | | DNA | DNA>mRNA>rRNA>tRNA> DNA | | | | | Stochastic Effect | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | χ γ | | | | Carcinogenesis | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | | | | | | | 2~50 | | 30 | | 2. | 1990 60 | | LET | | 13 | | 10 | | 1 | | | | | | | | | 1Gy | | | 2 8 ~13 | 25 10 | | | 2 | | 20 | | | | | | | | | 1Gy 0.1Gy | | 0.5Gy 0.065Gy | | 5.5×108 Bq | 7.4×107 Bq | 2~3 | 6~9 10 | | | 2 | 4~38 11 | 3 | | | | 4 | 71.4% | 10~19 | χ | 15~20 | | 23.6 | 15 10 | | χ | | 4 | | | α | | | | | | | | 20~29 | | 10 15~24 | 30 17 | 5 | 10 μm | | | | 30Gy | | 2 1.5 | 21~37 | 6 | α | | 10 | 13 | 7 | | | | 10~28% | | | | | | 1Gy | | 6% 10 20% 31~50 13~26 | 64 25 | 8. | 10 | | | 1/4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2735 | 246 300 | | 10.5% | | | | | | | | | | | ICRP | | | UNSCEAR | ICRP 1Gy | | | | | | | LET | | | ICRP 60 | Non-Stochastic Effect | | | Deterministic | Effect | | | | | | | | | 1%~5% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LET | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | 0.15Gy 0.4Gy | | | 3Gy~5Gy 2Gy | | 0.65Gy~1.5 Gy | 2Gy~3 Gy | 2.5~6 | Gy | >0.2Gy | 2. | | 1Gy 2~5 | | | 3~8 | | Sv.a-1 | 0.5 1.5 >0.4 >1.0 | 3. | Radiation | cataract | | | 9 12 2~4 | LET 2Gy~10Gy | LET 1Gy~2Gy | LET 0.15Gy | 5.0 >0.1 >0.15 | 0.5~2.0 | 4. | | β | γ | α 300μm~500μm | | | 1 3Gy~5Gy 3 | 20Gy | 1 | 50Gy | 2 30Gy ~ 40Gy | β 5 | | | 250Gy 1 | | 1010 1010Bq 5Gy | | 5. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1Gy~10Gy 10Gy~20Gy | 20Gy~50Gy >50Gy | | 1. | 100cGy ~ 1000cGy | bone marrow type | | 1 | 100 cGy ~ 200cGy | 1/3 | | 1~2 L 10×109 | 30 3×109/L ~ 4×109/L | | 1 ~ 3 1×109/L | 50 ~ 60 | | 2 | 200cGy ~ 400cGy | | | A. 4 ~ 5 | | | 38 ℃ | 1 1~3 | | 1 10×109/L | | B. 20~30 | | 7~12 14 | 60×109/L | 1~2 | | C. 18~34 2×109/L | | | 20×109/L | | | | D. 5~7 | 50 ~ 60 5×109/L | | 2 2 ~ | 4 1 | 2 600cGy | | 3 | 400cGy ~ 600cGy | 24 ~ 48 | 15 ~ 25 14 | 30×109/L 1~2 | 2.5×1012/L | 39℃~ 40℃ 20×109/L | | | 4 | 600cGy~1000cGy | 1 | 2~3 | 10 1 | 1×109/L 2~3 0.25×109/L | | | 2. | 1000cGy~5000cGy | gastro-intestianl type 20 | 20 4 | 3~5 | 5~8 20 ~30 | 20 2 ~ 3 | 3. | 5000cGy | central nervous system type | 6 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 8800cGy 10 | | 38℃~ 39.4℃ | | 49 | | | 12000cGy | 11 | 18 | 20~30 | 80 | 40 39.4℃ 14 30 | 34.7 | | LET | 4—3 | 4—3 LET | | Gy d >1 | 25% — 3~5 30~60 5~15 | 10~20>15 1~5 | | | 100mGy | | | ICRP | Tissue Reaction | ICRP 0.1Gy | | | | | | | | 0.1Gy | | | | | | | | | | 8 ~15 | | | | | | | 0.5 Gy | 0.5 Gy | χ CT | | | | | ------- | | | | Radiation Effect | | | | | | | | | | | | | | System | | | | | 1. | | | | | | | | | | 2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 65% | 70% 4 91% 20% | 76% 80% 86% 99% | | | | | | | | | | 3. | 5 | | | | | | | | | | 45% | | | | | | | | Tissiu | | Organ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lens | Opacities Cataract | 16 ~20g | 2.5 | | | μm | | 1016 1012 1014 | | 10μm 3μm | ~4μm 7μm ~8μm 20μm 100μm ~150μm | 1 m | | DNA | | | | | 400 3500 1014 | | | 1~2 | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | | DNA | RNA | | | 2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. | | Milieu Intérieur | | | | | 5. | | | | | DNA | | Chromosome | | | 8 | DNA 13/4 | | 6 | | | | | DNA | 46 | | 23 1 ~22 | | x y x y | x x x | y x y | | | | | | Gene 2000 | | DNA 1000 | 50000 | DNA | | 1. DNA | Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DNA | DNA RNA | DNA | DNA | | 1 | DNA | | -H | | 2 Purine Pyrimidine | | Adenine A | Guanine G Cytocine C | Thymine T | | | DNA 4 | A | T A=T T=A | G C G≡C | C≡G | DNA 40000 | DNA 440000 | | DNA RNA | | 2. RNA Ribonucleic Acid | RNA | AMP GMP | CMP UMP | RNA | RNA RNA RNA | 1 mRNA RNA Messenger-RNA | RNA 5%~10% mRNA DNA | | | 2 t-RNA RNA Transfer- RNA | RNA 5%~10% t-RNA | mRNA | t-RNA | | CCA | | | 3 r-RNA RNA Ribosomal-RNA | | | | DNA 108 1010 10-9 | DNA | | | | | | | DNA | | DNA | | DNA DNA DNA RNA | | | DNA | DNA | 10-6 | 10-9 | | | Radiation | Effect | Biological Effect of | Ionizing Radiation | Radiation Injuries Radiation Injury Radiation Damage Injury | | | | | | | | | | | χ | | | | 1. | | | 1 | DNA | Direct Effect | 10-16 | | | | | | | | | DNA | | 1. | eV DNA | | DNA | | | 2. | DNA | | DNA | DNA | DNA | | 1/15~1/20 | DNA | | 2 | | | Indirect Effect | | | | | 1 | 10-16 H2O | H2O+ e- | | | 2 | 10-12 | H2O+ H+ OH OH | OH H2O2 H2O | H2O- H2O- H OH- | H+ OH- H OH | H OH Free Radicals | 10-6 | | | 3 | | DNA | | | | | | 4 | | | | | 2. | DNA | | | DNA | | Gene Mutation | | RNA | DNA | DNA | | | | 3. | DNA | DNA | | DNA | | | | | | | | | 4. | | | | | 1 | | | | | | 2 | | DNA | | DNA | | | | | | | | DNA | | DNA | | DNA | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | DNA | | | | | | | | | | 5. | | Progenitor Cell | DNA | | | | | | | | 1 | χ χ Grubbé | 1896 χ | Stewens χ | 1897 2 Gilchrist χ | 23 1900 Walkoff | 11 Giesel | 2 1901 | | 6 11 | 10 | 1902 Frieben χ | χ 25 | | 2 | 1935~1954 χ | 1944~1951 224 | 1928~1954 | Thorotrast | χ | Ledoux—Lebard | 1922 100 | | 1 1904 104 Feygin | 1906 Bergoniè Tribondeau | 1911 Krause 54 | 1911 | Hesse χ 94 | 50 | 2 20 20 | | | Martland 1925 | | 50 | 3 1500 | K.E.Morgan | 1925 Martland Schneberg | 1875~1917 622 322 | 87% 1921~1926 | 50% Joachimstal | 1929~1930 | 226 226Ra | 222 222Rn 218 218Po | | 4 χ | | χ | χ 2 | 9 | | 3. | 1896 Edison Morton | 1896 4 Danil χ | | 20 40 | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | 1 | | | | | somatic effects | | Hereditary | Effects or genetic effects | 2 | | | | 60 Acute Radiation | Effect Early Effect | | Chronic | Radiation Effect Late Effect | 3 | | | | Total Body Effect | | Local Effect | 3 | | | | | | stochastic effects | | | deterministic effects | 4 | | | | Sparing Effect | | | | | | 2. | | | 1 | | | | α LET | χ γ LET | | | | | | γ | | 250 | | 250~1000 | | | 1000~2000 1.25 20%~25% | | | 2000~4000 24 | | | | 4000~6000 | | | | 50% | ≥6000 1~2 | | | 100% | | 0.1 0.1Gy??h-1 | 1 1Gy??min-1 0.1Gy?? h-1 | 1Gy??min-1 0.1Gy??h-1 | LET LET | | 1986 | | LET <0.2Gy LET <0.05Gy | LET 0.2~2.0Gy LET 0.05~0.5Gy | LET >2.0Gy LET >0.5Gy | LET <0.05mGy/min LET <0.05mGy/min | LET 0.05mGy/min~0.05Gy/min LET 0. | 05mGy/min~0.05Gy/min | LET >0.05Gy/min LET >0.05Gy/min | | χ γ | α β | | | 1/3 | | 2 | | | | radiosensitivity | | | | | | 20 50 | 2 38 > | > > > > | | | | | | > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > > | > > > > | | > | | > | | | > > > > | > > | > > > | | | DNA | DNA>mRNA>rRNA>tRNA> DNA | | | | | Stochastic Effect | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | χ γ | | | | Carcinogenesis | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | | | | | | | 2~50 | | 30 | | 2. | 1990 60 | | LET | | 13 | | 10 | | 1 | | | | | | | | | 1Gy | | | 2 8 ~13 | 25 10 | | | 2 | | 20 | | | | | | | | | 1Gy 0.1Gy | | 0.5Gy 0. | 065Gy | 5. | 5×108 Bq 7.4×107 Bq | 2~3 | 6~9 10 | | | 2 | 4~38 11 | 3 | | | | 4 | 71.4% | 10~19 | χ | 15~20 | | 23.6 | 15 10 | | χ | | 4 | | | α | | | | | | | | 20~29 | | 10 15~24 | 30 17 | 5 | 10 μm | | | | 30Gy | | 2 1.5 | 21~37 | 6 | α | | | 10 13 | 7 | | | | 10~28% | | | | | | 1Gy | | 6% 10 20% 31~50 | 13~26 64 25 | 8. | 10 | | | 1/4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2735 | 246 300 | | 10.5% | | | | | | | | | | | | ICRP | | | UNSCEAR | ICRP 1Gy | | | | | | | LET | | | ICRP 60 | Non-Stochastic Effect | | | Deterministic | Effect | | | | | | | | | 1%~5% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LET | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | 0.15Gy 0.4Gy | | | 3Gy~5Gy 2Gy | | 0.65Gy~1.5 Gy | 2Gy~3 Gy | 2.5~6 | Gy | >0.2Gy | 2. | | 1Gy 2~5 | | | 3~8 | | Sv.a-1 | 0.5 1.5 >0.4 >1.0 | 3. | Radiation | cataract | | | 9 12 2~4 | LET 2Gy~10Gy | LET 1Gy~2Gy | LET 0.15Gy | 5.0 >0.1 >0.15 0.5~2.0 | 4. | | β | γ | α 300μm~500μm | | | 1 3Gy~5Gy 3 | 20Gy | 1 | 50Gy | 2 30Gy ~ 40Gy | β 5 | | | 250Gy 1 | | 1010 1010Bq 5Gy | | 5. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1Gy~10Gy 10Gy~20Gy | 20Gy~50Gy >50Gy | | 1. | 100cGy ~ 1000cGy | bone marrow type | | 1 | 100 cGy ~ 200cGy | 1/3 | | 1~2 L 10×109 | 30 3×109/L ~ 4×109/L | | 1 ~ 3 1×109/L | 50 ~ 60 | | 2 | 200cGy ~ 400cGy | | | A. 4 ~ 5 | | | 38 ℃ | 1 1~3 | | 1 10×109/L | | B. 20~30 | | 7~12 14 | 60×109/L | 1~2 | | C. 18~34 2×109/L | | | 20×109/L | | | | D. | 5~7 50 ~ 60 5×109/L | | 2 2 ~ | 4 1 | 2 600cGy | | 3 | 400cGy ~ 600cGy | 24 ~ 48 | 15 ~ 25 14 | 30×109/L 1~2 | 2.5×1012/L | 39℃~ 40℃ 20×109/L | | | 4 | 600cGy~1000cGy | 1 | 2~3 | 10 1 | 1×109/L 2~3 0. | 25×109/L | | 2. | 1000cGy~5000cGy | gastro-intestianl type 20 | 20 4 | 3~5 | 5~8 20 | ~30 20 2 ~ 3 | | 3. | 5000cGy | central nervous system type | 6 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 8800cGy 10 | | 38℃~ 39.4℃ | | 49 | | | 12000cGy | 11 | 18 | 20~30 | 80 | 40 39.4℃ 14 30 | 34.7 | | LET | 4—3 | 4—3 LET | | Gy d >1 | 25% — 3~5 30~60 5~15 | 10~20 >15 1~5 | | | 100mGy | | | ICRP | Tissue Reaction | ICRP 0.1Gy | | | | | | | | 0.1Gy | | | | | | | | | | 8 ~15 | | | | | | | | 0.5 Gy | 0.5 Gy | χ CT | | | | | | | | | 17% | 98 % | 20 90 X | X 16 | 2.4 2 | 4.9 | | | | | | | | | | | Boice | | | | | 1. | 0.91 | Gy | 2. X | | 3. X | | | 1. X | 20 | | 2. X 0.09cGy | | | 3. X | 10 | 4. | | 5. | 6. | | | | 1. | | 2. | | 3. Hodgkins disease | | 4. | 5. | 6. | | | | | | | | | | | | X | X | X X | X X CR X | DR DSA X | CT X X | X X | | X | | 80% X | | X | 0.6%~3% X | | | X | | ICRP WHO | | | X | | | X | X | | X | | | 1. | X | | | 1 X | | | | | | X | | 2 | | | X X | | | | 3 | X | | X | X | | 4 X | X | | X | | | | X | mA | X | | | | 5 | 20℃ | 70% | | | | 2. | X | | X | X | | 1 X | | | X | X | 2 X | | | | 3 X | X X | X | | 4 X | | | | 5 X | | X X X | | | 6 X | | | | | | X | | 3. | X | | | 1 | | | | X | 2 X | | X | | X | | 3 X | | X | | X | | 4 X X | X | | | 5 X | X | X | | | X | | | | | 6 X X | | X | | X | X | | | 1. | X | X | 30cm | 2. | X | X 200mA | X 70 ~ 80 300 mA X | 80kV~100 | | | 3. | X 200mA X | 2.5mA 300mA X | 2mA | 4. | X | 4mm | | 5. | X X | | X X | 1/3 X | | X | | 6. | | | X | 400cm2 | 100cm2 4 | | X | 184 | 7. | X | | | X | 10 1 | 2 | | | | X | X | | X | | X | | X | | | X | X | | X | | | X | X X X | | | X | X | | 1. X | | X | X | | | X | | | X | | X | X | X | X | | | X | | 2. X | | X | X | 0.017% | | | X | | | | X | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | | | 2. | | | | 3. | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | kBq pBq | | TeV | | | | | | | 2. | | | | | | nuclear installation | | | | | | | 1. | | | | 1 | Ⅰ Ⅱ | | 3 3 | 2 | Ⅰ Ⅱ | 2 2 | 10 10 | | 3 | Ⅲ | 9 9 | | 4 | Ⅳ Ⅴ | | | | Ⅰ Ⅱ | Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ | | 1 Ⅰ | 1 | 2 Ⅱ | | 3 Ⅲ | | | 4 Ⅳ | | | 5 Ⅴ | | | GB 18871-2002 | | Ⅰ | Ⅱ Ⅲ | 2. | | | IAEA OECD | 7 | 1 7 | | 2 6 | | 3 5 | | 4 4 | | 5 3 | | 6 2 | | 7 1 | 8 0 | | 9 | | | | | | 1 | 1AEA | 2010 | | WHO | | | | REMPAN | | | 40 | | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | 307 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | 1986 4 | 26 4 | | | 1990 6 | 25 9 | | | | 7 2-20Gy 2 | | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | 137 137 Cs | 137 Cs | | | | | | | | 137 Cs 1.1 | | | | | | | 131I 137Cs 134 Cs | 200 | 13.8 | 1/5 20% 6000km2 | 400 | | 600 γ β | 2 | 134 | 94 2~16Gy | 8 β 10~30Gy | 3 28 | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | 30 1 30 | | 1 | | | | | 8 30 2 16 1 4 | 30 1 | | 10 | 0.45 | EBq 5 | 10 0.35 EBq | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 90Sr 137 | Cs | | I Te Cs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -90 90 Sr -137 137 Cs | Pu | | | 5 | | DNA | | | | | 17 | | 312.4% | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | | | | | 30 | | 200 500 | | | | 50-60km 2 800~1000Gy | | 300km 2 8~10Gy | | 12000km 2 | 3.5~4Gy 1986~1987 | 30 | | 2 2 | | | | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2500 | 1.44 | | | 10 | 7400 | 10% | | | | | | | 200 | | | | | | | | | | 8 | | | | | | | | | 6 3.4 | | | 1964 22000 | 1600 1200 | | 7000 | | 1.2 | 30 | | | | | | 137 Cs 90 Sr 235U 239Pu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | X γ β | | | | | 1/4 3 1/9 | | | | | | 2. | | | | | | | | | | | 3. | | | 1/5~1/16 1/12 | | | 30%~60% | | | 4. | | | | | | | 5. | | | | | | | | | Tl | -210 210 Po | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | X | 7 10 -9 Sv | 2. | X | X X | 0.3 9 10 -3 X | X 50keV 0.1 | | | 3. | | | | 3H | 3H | 4. | | U Th Ra | 3H Rn 14 14C I Cs | Ru Co 85 85Kr 90 90 Sr | 0.0002 mSv | 0.002 mSv | 5. | 1945 7 16 | 2000 1980 | 543 | | 1963 110 | μSv 2000 5 | 10% | 14 14 C | 90 90 Sr 137 137 Cs 2000 | 3000 50% 1 14 | | | | | | | | 10 μGy | | 1. | X | | | | | 85 | 85 Kr 147 147 Pm 232 232 Th | | | 2. | 226 226 Ra 147 147 Pm 3H | | | | γ | 3H | 147Pm β | 50 | 3H β 0.6 | β | X 3H | 147Pm β 0.224 | 46 147Pm β | | | 226 226Ra 147 147 Pm | 3H 226 | 3.7 103 0.1 147 3.7 106 | 100 1.85 108 5 | 1.5 | 3.7 10 3 | 0.1 226 0.07 | mSv 0.065 mSv | | 226 | 5 | | | | | | 3. | | | 210 | α | | 20 210 210 Po | 10-8 Gy γ | 4. | | α | α | | | | | 226 226 Ra 238 | 238 Pu 85 85 Kr 63 63 Ni 241 241Am | 241 241 Am | 10 | | 5. | | | | β | 6. | | 30% | 18 % 10 -5 | 228 | 228 Ac 212 212Pb 214 214Pb | 0.5 | 5 | 7. | | | 0.1% 30 μm | 30 mGy | | 0.1% 0.05% | 0.03% 4 | 0.0004% 0.008% 0. | 02% | 8. | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | | 222 222 Rn | | | | 1 | 40 K 238 U 232 Th | | | | | 15 | 40 40 K 50 Bq 238 238 U 232 | 232 Th 20 Bq | 20% | 40 40 K 104 Bq 238 | 238U 36 Bq 232 232 Th 30 Bq | 1700℃ | | | | 40 265 238 200 226 240 | 210 930 210 1700 232 70 228 | 110 226 130 | 210 210 40 | | | 228 | | | 210 | | | | | | | 2 | 222 222 Rn | 35 780 210 | | | 1 10 | | | 238 70 1500 232 | 40 | | | | 210 | 238 234 230 600 | 226 400 40 | 232 | 238 238 U | | | | | | | 238 | 210 | | | 3 | | | | 210 210 Po | 0.1~300 | | | 210 210 Pb | 4 | | 222 222 Rn | | 1 | 3 10 -5 | | | 0.01~0.3 2. | | 222 222 Rn | | | | 222 260 16 mSv | | | 3. | | X X | X | 20kV | 0.1mA X | 25kV 1mA | X | X ICRP | 5 X 0.5mR | | X | | X | 10μGy | X | | 0.2 4. | | 8 1.36 | μSv 16 20 | 8 μSv | 12 11 | | | | 9 ~12km 5~8μ Sv | | 30 45μSv 2~4μ Sv | | 5. | | 0.7 | 0.22 Gy. h-1 | 0.054 Gy. h- 1 | | | α | 1.2 5 3.6 1.7 0.4 Gy α | 1.5 0.3 0.05 Gy | | | | | | | | | | IAEA | 2002 442 | 651 284 | 250 | 30 | 17% | 12 | 1/4 70% | 30 30% | | | | | | 1986 4 | 26 4 | | | | 130 | 4 | 2 4 | 1983 12 12 | 7 1700 | 1659 75% | | 700℃ | 1000 | | 1200 | 4 27 5 10 | 5000 | | | | | 200 | | 1. | | | | | 30 | | | | | | 2. | | | | | | 7 10 | | 30 50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | | | | | | | 2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | 2/3 | | 2 | | | | | | 3. | | | | KI KIO 3 | | 6 | 100% | 90% | 6 | | 8 | | 100 3-12 50 | 1 3 25 1 | 12.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 35 | 100 | 3 | | | | 4. | | | | | | | | | | | 5. | | | | | | 6. | | | | | |